Advancing Scientific Research Through Open Access

For overall context, some key pharma and biotech companies’ activities in biotechnology for 2025 are provided as follows; 192 companies marketed 783 biotech products worldwide. The listed products are approved in the United States and Europe pri marily for the largest markets, and also include Australia, Canada, and Japan. Growth rate for biotech product approvals in United States is provided subsequently in 5-year intervals. USA approvals started slowly for 1980-1994, picked up in rate for 1995-2009, and grew quite rapidly 2010-2025: 5 in pre-1980 years; followed by + 5 in 1980-1984; + 19 in 1985-1989; + 24 in 1990-1994; + 56 in 1995-1999; + 66 in 2000-2004; + 48 in 2005-2009; + 81 in 2010-2014; + 158 in 2015-2019; + 207 in 2020-2024; + 73 in 2025-6/2026 [1&1/2 years]. A total of 742 product approvals occurred in USA, of which 81 have been dis continued because mostly being superseded by a superior product. An additional 123 biotech products have been approved by the European Union and Japan. Their worldwide cost was calculated to be $662 billion in 2025. The specific indications for th ese biotech products number over 750 addressing all therapeutic areas, often achieving substantial disease control, which could not be accomplished without them.

PWS is increasingly recognized as a “functional vital sign” and is associated with future health outcomes, including hospitaliza tion, cognitive decline, falls, and mortality [1-5]. A PWS > 1.0 m/s is generally associated with good health and functional inde pendence, whereas walking speeds < 0.6 m/s may represent a clinical “yellow ” for increased health risks and functional dec line [1-3]. Furthermore, a change of approximately 0.1 m/s is considered minimally detectable or clinically meaningful improve ment in walking performance [3-5]. However, walking safety and y may be d by multiple factors including age, sex, medical comorbidities, musculoskeletal impairment, and orthopedic surgical procedures [5-7].

Nigeria is home to several natural beauties and has a rich, diverse wildlife. Several factors threaten the survival of wild animals, including habitat loss, poaching, climate change, and wildlife diseases, especially those caused by gastrointestinal parasites [1]. Zoological gardens display collections of wild animals for research, conservation, education, and recreation. Animals in zoos are captured from their natural habitats and kept in man-made environments [2, 3].

Saliva calprotectin (sCLP) is a simple and inexpensive marker to detect oral neutrophil-induced inflammation [1,2] and is increased in patients with periodontitis (PO) [3] which is associated with severe pathologies such as cancer [4], metabolic syndrome [5], psoriasis [6] as well as bone loss [7], or brain [8], cardiovascular [9], or joints inflammation [10], all of which requires active prevention.

Cheiloscopy refers to the study of lip print patterns formed by grooves on the vermilion border of the lips. unique to individuals and remain stable throughout life, making them valuable in forensic identi cation. Lip prints develop during in utero period and are genetically determined.

According to population present in India with Internet access has developed significantly, with adolescents and young emerg ing adults including the majority of users. It is essential to understand the frequency, correlates, and impact of online gaming on the psychological well-being of gamers compared to non-gamers in contemporary society. Males are more prone to violent games, while girls are more likely to play non-violent ones. It is also vital to analyze any differences between these two cate gories of games [1].